Environmental impacts of 1.1 kw motor in south africa automotive vehicles.
Electric vehicles have been seen by some policymakers as a tool to target reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Some researchers have shown that the full environmental impact of electric vehicles depends very much on the cleanliness of the electricity grid. In countries such as the USA and China, where coal-fired power plants still play a very important role in electricity generation, the environmental impact of electric vehicles is equivalent to, or even higher than that of cars running on internal combustion engines. In this study, the environmental impacts of electric vehicles in South Africa were investigated. We found that, as the bulk of South Africa's electricity is generated from relatively low-quality coal and the advanced exhaust clean up technologies are not implemented in the current coal-fired power plants, the use of electric vehicles in South Africa would not help to cut greenhouse gas emissions now or in the future,and actually would lead to higher SOx and NOx emissions.
Paper presented at the 23rd Annual Southern African Transport Conference "Getting recognition for the importance of transport", CSIR International Convention Centre, Pretoria, South Africa. The National Land Transport Transition Act 2000 requires that Current Public Records (CPTRs) be completed by each planning authority. The CPTRs consist of data on infrastructure, fleet, timetables, routes, passenger volumes, etc regarding public transport in the planning authorities region.Environmental impacts of 1.1 kw motor in south africa automotive vehicles. However this data is collected manually and therefore time consuming and subject to inaccuracy. The main aim of this project is to explore possibilities of collecting most of the data required for transport planning electronically. A market survey was conducted to establish the need for automated passenger counting systems. The results showed that indeed there is a need for automated passenger counting systems. This paper contains a technology scan on the automated passenger counting systems that gives a basic understanding of these systems.
The spate of bus crashes in South Africa in September/October led to a ministerial inquiry into the causes of these crashes and also to the formulation of recommendations to prevent similar disasters. Annually, about 9 000 buses (about one-third of the total bus fleet) are involved in road accidents. The frequent occurrence of minibus taxi crashes is also a matter of grave concern due to the large number of vehicle occupants killed or injured. Minibus taxis is the vehicle category in South Africa with the highest accident and fatality rate per 100 million vehicle kilometers traveled. The paper covers a number of aspects to highlight the problems but also provides short and medium term solutions. Firstly, the road traffic safety record of the public passenger transport sector is scrutinised. The collision and casualty figures for buses and minibuses for 1998 (the latest available statistics) by urban and rural areas are highlighted. An analysis is done of trends in bus and minibus road accident and collision rates since the early nineties.
ພວກເຮົາປະເມີນແນວຄວາມຄິດຂອງເຄື່ອງຈັກໃນການເຜົາໃຫມ້ພາຍໃນທີ່ມີຄ່າ supercharged ໄຟຟ້າ, ບ່ອນທີ່ supercharger, ປະກອບດ້ວຍ compressor ແລະ motor ໄຟຟ້າ, draws ພະລັງງານໄຟຟ້າຈາກ buffer (ຫມໍ້ໄຟຫຼື supercapacitor). ໂດຍສະເພາະ, ພວກເຮົາສືບສວນສະຖານະການຂອງການຫຼຸດລົງຂອງເຄື່ອງຈັກ, ໃນຂະນະທີ່ສະຫນອງຄວາມຕ້ອງການພະລັງງານສູງໂດຍການສາກໄຟຊຸບເປີ. ໃນຂະນະດຽວກັນ, ພວກເຮົາຊອກຫາຂະຫນາດ buffer ທີ່ດີທີ່ສຸດທີ່ສະຫນອງພະລັງງານໄຟຟ້າແລະພະລັງງານທີ່ພຽງພໍເພື່ອດໍາເນີນການ supercharger, ເຊັ່ນວ່າຍານພາຫະນະສາມາດສົ່ງປະສິດທິພາບທີ່ຕ້ອງການໂດຍວົງຈອນການຂັບລົດເປັນຕົວແທນຂອງການນໍາໃຊ້ປະຈໍາວັນປົກກະຕິຂອງຍານພາຫະນະ. ພວກເຮົາສະຫນອງຂັ້ນຕອນການສ້າງແບບຈໍາລອງ convex ທີ່ສ້າງບັນຫາເປັນໂຄງການ cone ຄໍາສັ່ງທີສອງທີ່ບໍ່ພຽງແຕ່ສະຫນອງເຄື່ອງຈັກທີ່ດີທີ່ສຸດແລະຂະຫນາດ buffer, ແຕ່ຍັງສະຫນອງການຄວບຄຸມທີ່ດີທີ່ສຸດແລະ trajectories ລັດສໍາລັບຍຸດທະສາດການຄັດເລືອກເກຍ. ສຸດທ້າຍ, ພວກເຮົາສະຫນອງກໍລະນີສຶກສາຂອງຂະຫນາດຂອງເຄື່ອງຈັກແລະ buffer ໄຟຟ້າສໍາລັບການຈັດອັນດັບພະລັງງານຂອງເຄື່ອງອັດທີ່ແຕກຕ່າງກັນ.
Initiatives have long been taken to attain sustainable road transportation system across the world, including South Africa. Despite the various initiatives, sustainable road transportation in South African cities remains as a challenge. Environmental impacts of 1.1 kw motor in south africa automotive vehicles.Therefore, this study, through a qualitative study, examined how sustainable road transportation can be achieved in South African cities. It is found that strengthening of public transportation system and effective integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in socio-economic activities, and travel needs in particular, would be able to contribute significantly to sustainable road transportation. ICT Integration and its effective use will reduce need for travel, reduce traffic volume, and enable appropriate route planning, which consequently will reduce traffic congestion, traffic collisions, travel distance and travel time. It will also limit environmental pollution caused by carbon emissions from vehicles, thus contributing to sustainable road transportation.
The South African automobile manufacturing industry has grown from an import assembly industry to an import-substitute industry. By 1961, the South African Government had introduced local content programs to stop reduce importations in order to save foreign currency and develop the industry into a self sufficient manufacturing industry. The countries automobile manufacturers were growing and during this period reported profits. By the globalization process had accelerated more than ever before. South Africa had to reduce its tariff on imported goods and vehicles according to the Uruguay Round Agreement, as the country is one of the signatories to this agreement. According to World Trade Organization (WTO) obligations, a comprehensive tariff reduction was introduced on the automobile manufacturing industry through the implementation of the Motor Industry Development Program (MIDP).
Automobile traffic is an important source of pollutants, including lead (Pb) and platinum (Pt). The study presented here aims at assessing current levels of these two metals in South African road dust. Pb and Pt concentrations range from 103 to and 2 to 391 ng/g, respectively. The relatively high Pb concentrations are attributed to the former use of leaded gasoline. In contrast, automobile traffic does not significantly contribute to elevated Pt concentrations owing to the currently limited number of vehicles equipped with a Pt-using catalyst. South Africa is the world's largest Pt producer and Pt concentrations in road dust were found to depend on the proximity to Pt mines. As leaded gasoline was recently banned in South Africa and automobile catalysts are currently being introduced, Pb and Pt concentrations are likely to change in the near future.
As part of a performance-based standards (PBS) research programme for heavy vehicles in South Africa, a need was identified to design and operate a number of PBS demonstration vehicles in a pilot project. The purpose of the project is to gain practical experience in the PBS approach and to quantify and evaluate the potential infrastructure preservation, safety and productivity benefits for road freight transport. To date, 450 permits for PBS demonstration vehicles (including 200 car-carriers) have been issued. The pilot project reached the minimum target of 100 million PBS vehicle kilometres in June 2017. The project has shown significant improvements with a reduction in the crash rate of 39% compared with the baseline fleet. Significant financial savings have also been recorded with a weighted average reduction in trips of 28% and an average reduction of 12.2% in fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. The project has thus far shown the possibility to improve heavy vehicle safety and decrease road freight transport costs by several percentage points.
First glass sheet , a thermoplastic intermediate layer plate , and the results from the assembly of the second glass plate, and an automotive window glass which is bent laminated , the first glass sheet is bent from the beginning in this assembly weaving , the second glass plate having a thickness one-third or less of the thickness of the first glass plate , second glass plate , either no curvature , or the first glass sheet and the heat of the second glass plate window glass which is characterized by having a clearly smaller curvature than the curvature of the first glass sheet prior to assembly with the plastic intermediate plate .
In line with the rapid development of the era, the more problems faced by humans. The necessity to solve a problem quickly, accurately and efficiently is very necessary. Therefore science and information technology is always developed to make it happen. In this paper the author makes a computerized system to process administrative services of two-wheeled motor vehicle servicing in the automotive service by using Visual Basic 6.0 programming language and MySQL database. Programs that exist in this application, include a main menu menu displays the data, the transaction menu, the menu reports. Where there are data menu sub menu input customer data, data goods, mechanical data and data types of service fees. Menu there are sub menu transaction transaction. While there are reports of sub menu print menu and save the receipts, customer data printing sub menu and sub menu print transaction data. Where is the menu of this report is used to display and print reports.
This article relates advanced motor vehicle design concepts to government rule-making requirements in the specific areas of fuel economy, emissions, and safety, noted that weight reduction offers that most hope for improving fuel economcy. It also offers the hope for achieving acceptable levels of vehicle performance and overall energy efficiency with the low powered advanced propoulsion systems. A more difficult, riskier, longer term, capital-intensive, but practical and more effective approach to weight reduction is to alter the structural architecture. With respect to propulsion systems, there is expected to be an emphasis on smaller engines mounted transversely to gain crush space and turbocharged, especially diesels or stratified-charged internal compustion engines. The Minicars RSV, which carries a microprocessor, offers a computer-controlled automatic shift mechanism and a "smart" cruise control, which responds by slowing or speeding to radar impressions of the traffic environment ahead.
The article presents a critical analysis of available technologies for the production of automotive components from polymer composites. Environmental impacts of 1.1 kw motor in south africa automotive vehicles.The advantages and disadvantages of currently used manufacturing technologies are presented. A new technology for the production of vehicle components is proposed by pressing a newly developed powdered epoxy resin. This generates new technological possibilities in the production of vehicle parts and subassemblies.
Solar challenges are designed to test the reliability and efficiency of solar powered vehicles in endurance races. In the past these manufactured vehicles were technology drivers and led to advances in electric motors and solar cell efficiency. The speed in relation to power consumption is one of the main design considerations, with the only energy source being solar power. In the design and manufacturing of these vehicles a number of requirements need to be met in order to pass the safety standards. The Sasol Solar Challenge (SSC) created an opportunity for South African universities to design and manufacture custom made solar powered vehicles. This paper explores and discusses the challenges for manufacturing solar vehicles in South Africa. Key elements like the communication gap between design and manufacturing, the cost of lightweight solar encapsulation, the shortage of local suppliers and expertise in composite manufacturing are evaluated. These insights can be used as foundation for strategic decisions by future stakeholders.
As a result of successful initiatives in Australia, New Zealand and Canada, the introduction of a Smart Truck or performance-based standards (PBS) approach in the heavy vehicle sector in South Africa was identified by the CSIR as a research area warranting funding because of the potential benefits in terms of transport efficiency, road/vehicle safety and the protection of road infrastructure. The PBS approach involves setting standards to specify the performance required from the operation of a vehicle on a network rather than prescribing how the specified level of performance is to be achieved. A need was identified to design, manufacture and operate a number of PBS demonstration projects in South Africa in order to gain practical experience in the PBS approach and to quantify and evaluate potential benefits. The Smart Truck demonstration projects have been designed and manufactured to comply with the safety standards of the Australian PBS system.
Investigate the alignment between supply chain strategies and practices of local manufacturers of locally made light vehicles in South Africa. The research design employed was a combination of exploratory and descriptive research design using a qualitative approach. A face-to-face, semi-structured interview questionnaire was used, based on purposive sampling. Descriptive statistics using SPSS software was used for the data analysis and interpretation. The findings of the research revealed that across the supply chains of locally made models, all the manufacturers followed a lean strategy for their inbound supply chain and some had a lean supply chain strategy for their outbound supply chain. A number of them also had an agile supply chain strategy in the outbound supply chain, which suggests a leagile supply chain strategy. It was also found that in some instances there was a mismatch between strategies and practices in the area of product characteristics, manufacturing characteristics, and the decision drivers of the supply chain.
The South African transport sector is estimated to emit 60 MtCO2eq and require 800 PJ of energy, similar in scale to industrial energy demand and emissions. The sector is forecast to potentially eclipse industry in this regard if conventional vehicle choices and travel modes persist. This paper explores scenarios of transport technology choices and demand in a future of uncertain fuel and technology costs, and the consequences for energy supply and greenhouse gas emissions.Environmental impacts of 1.1 kw motor in south africa automotive vehicles. It explores the extent of electric vehicle (EV) adoption and the implication of fuel migration from petroleum products. The preference for alternative fuels such as hydrogen, liquid biofuels and natural gas is also investigated. The evolution of road transport in South Africa towards 2050 is investigated utilising the South African TIMES model, a full energy sector least-cost optimisation model that relies on a rich technological database of the entire energy supply and demand system.
Several charts are presented which provide data on export and import market for public transportation motor vehicles with a capacity of at least 10 persons in South Africa which include one on the estimates of the total level of exports and imports on a worldwide basis, another providing details on imports from various countries that serve South Africa, and one summarizing the level of exports of public transportation motor vehicles originating from South Africa.
Several tables are presented which provide data on the export and import market for non-driving axles and parts for tractors, motor cars, and other motor vehicles in Germany including one on the structure of foreign import competition of the said imported motor vehicle parts in the country, another on the said exported motor vehicle parts from the country, and one on the said imported motor vehicle parts in Germany from various countries including South Africa, China, and Italy.
To address the underreporting of freight from a transport geography point of view, we present a novel analysis of the time and spatial characteristics of disaggregated commercial vehicle activities. The activities were extracted from raw global positioning system (GPS) data collected in South Africa over a six-month period for more than 30,000 commercial vehicles. The analyses of the activity chains provide useful characteristics such as activity and chain durations, number of activities per chain, and the spatial extent of the activity chains. Key results indicate that about 60% of activity chains have between 5 and 15 activities per chain while 25% of the chains have 4 or less; 89% of the chains have a duration of 24 hours or less; and approximately 75% of all activities start between 08:00 and 17:00. The paper's contribution is twofold: it firstly demonstrates a methodology to extract and evaluate vehicle activities and activity chains from raw GPS data. Novel results and characteristics about transport geographies in Gauteng, the economic centre of South Africa, are presented.
The existing South African mechanistic-empirical (M-E) pavement design methodology is used to estimate the Load Equivalency Factors (LEFs), based on critical pavement layer life, under static loading conditions. The proposed methodology is not based on the traditional Equivalent Single Wheel Load (or Mass) ESWL (or ESWM), nor on the well known 4th power law for relative pavement damage but on the latest South African Mechanistic-Empirical Design Method (SAMDM) which has been used in practice for pavement design and analysis since 1996. The LEFs were calculated from estimated ratios of critical pavement layer life for each individual AV relative to the Standard Axle (80 kN, 520 kPa) bearing capacities of a range of nine (9) typical standard pavement structures found in South Africa. This was done for both relatively dry and wet pavement conditions.
A suspension for a motor vehicle has a link structure and a spring interposed between the link structure and a vehicle frame. The link structure comprises a trailing arm extending substantially longitudinally of the vehicle frame and having a front end pivotally coupled to the vehicle frame and a rear end supporting a wheel, upper and lower arms extending substantially transversely of the vehicle frame and each having one end pivotally coupled to the vehicle frame and an opposite end pivotally coupled to the trailing arm in the vicinity of a rear end thereof, and a compensation link having one end pivotally coupled to the vehicle frame and an opposite end pivotally coupled to the trailing arm. The suspension is relatively lightweight, inexpensive to construct, and has excellent performance.
ຢູ່ໃນຫ້ອງເຄື່ອງຈັກທາງຫນ້າຂອງຍານພາຫະນະ, ຫນ່ວຍພະລັງງານຖືກລະງັບເພື່ອໃຫ້ມີການເຄື່ອນໄຫວທາງຫລັງທີ່ຄວບຄຸມຢູ່ໃນຫ້ອງເຄື່ອງຈັກໃນເວລາທີ່ກໍາລັງປະເຊີນກັບກໍາລັງຫຼາຍເກີນໄປໃນທິດທາງຍາວຂອງຍານພາຫະນະໃນລະຫວ່າງການປະທະກັນ. ມີຕົວຍຶດດ້ານຫຼັງຢ່າງໜ້ອຍໜຶ່ງອັນທີ່ມີຮ່າງກາຍທີ່ທົນທານໄດ້ແຍກສອງສະມາຊິກທີ່ຍຶດຕິດກັບຫນ່ວຍພະລັງງານແລະສ່ວນໂຄງສ້າງຂອງຮ່າງກາຍຂອງຍານພາຫະນະ, ຕາມລໍາດັບ. ກ່າວວ່າ mounting ຫລັງອະນຸຍາດໃຫ້ຫນຶ່ງໃນສະມາຊິກມີການເຄື່ອນໄຫວທີ່ຈໍາກັດທີ່ກ່ຽວຂ້ອງກັບອື່ນໆໃນຂະນະທີ່ການດູດຊຶມການເຮັດວຽກ deformation. ໃນຂະນະທີ່ຫົວຫນ່ວຍພະລັງງານເຄື່ອນຍ້າຍອອກໄປອີກ, ສິ່ງຕິດຄັດຂອງການຕິດຕັ້ງດ້ານຫລັງໄດ້ຖືກທໍາລາຍເທື່ອລະກ້າວ, ແຕ່ມັນຖືໄດ້ດົນພໍທີ່ຈະອະນຸຍາດໃຫ້ຫນ່ວຍງານພະລັງງານໄປຕີກະດານ cowl ຢູ່ດ້ານຫລັງຂອງຫ້ອງເຄື່ອງຈັກ, ດັ່ງນັ້ນການຄວບຄຸມການເດີນທາງຂອງຫນ່ວຍພະລັງງານ.
A communication system for a motor vehicle comprises a telemetry terminal with a plurality of interfaces, a motor vehicle control device terminal, a bus by means of which the telemetry terminal and the motor vehicle control device terminal are communicating with each other, and a firewall which monitors the communication between the telemetry terminal and the motor vehicle control device terminal.
In a circuit in motor vehicles in which an electromagnetic relay and a safety element are located in series, one of the relay contacts is constructed as an excess-current cut-out and thus serves as a safety element. In this way, a multiplicity of contacts can be saved with a clear reduction of the constructional volume and the contacting problems which always occur with contacts can be eliminated.
ໃນກໍລະນີຂອງຕູ້ຄອນເທນເນີໃນຍານພາຫະນະ, ໂດຍສະເພາະແມ່ນຍານພາຫະນະຍານພາຫະນະ, ພື້ນຕູ້ຄອນເທນເນີແລະຝາດ້ານຂ້າງຂອງຕູ້ຄອນເທນເນີແມ່ນເກີດຂື້ນໂດຍຊິ້ນສ່ວນຂອງກໍາແພງຫີນ, ເຊິ່ງອ້ອມຮອບການຕ້ອນຮັບ, ຂອບຂອງລໍ້ອາໄຫຼ່. ການເປີດການຊຶມເສົ້າຂອງການຕ້ອນຮັບສາມາດໄດ້ຮັບການຜະນຶກເຂົ້າກັນໄດ້ໂດຍວິທີການຂອງຝາປິດທີ່ກວມເອົາມັນຫມົດ, ແຄມຂອງທີ່ຂະຫຍາຍອອກໄປໃນ flange rim ແລະທີ່ສິ້ນສຸດລົງໃນທ້າຍເພື່ອໃຫ້ມັນ flush ກັບມັນ. ການປົກຫຸ້ມຂອງສາມາດຖືກລັອກກັບຂອບໂດຍວິທີການລັອກ. ລໍ້ spare ແມ່ນ fastened releasably ກັບຍານພາຫະນະໂດຍວິທີການຂອງອຸປະກອນ fastening ຄວາມປອດໄພ, ເຊິ່ງພຽງແຕ່ອະນຸຍາດໃຫ້ການຫມຸນ, unscrewing ແລະການໂຍກຍ້າຍຂອງລໍ້ spare ຫຼັງຈາກການໂຍກຍ້າຍຂອງການປົກຫຸ້ມຂອງແລະຈາກພາຍໃນຂອງ reception depression ໄດ້.
A generator unit, in particular for motor vehicles, having at least one generator for producing electrical power and having a multi-stage compressor unit that includes at least two compressors connected in series and downline from which there is a turbine unit having at least one turbine, there being a combustion chamber situated between compressor unit and turbine unit. An injection device is provided for injecting fuel between the compressors.
The development of intelligent connected technology has brought opportunities and challenges to the design of energy management strategies for hybrid electric vehicles. First, to achieve car-following in a connected environment while reducing vehicle fuel consumption, a power split hybrid electric vehicle was used as the research object, and a mathematical model including engine, motor, generator, battery and vehicle longitudinal dynamics is established. Second, with the goal of vehicle energy saving, a layered optimization framework for hybrid electric vehicles in a networked environment is proposed. The speed planning problem is established in the upper-level controller, and the optimized speed of the vehicle is obtained and input to the lower-level controller. Furthermore, after the lower-level controller reaches the optimized speed, it distributes the torque among the energy sources of the hybrid electric vehicle based on the equivalent consumption minimum strategy.
